Lymphoma Essays - Lymphoma, Hodgkins Lymphoma, Lymphatic System

Lymphoma In this paper you will be informed about the cause, symptoms, and treatment of lymphoma. You will also learn about the lymphatic system and how this cancer affects it. I. Lymphatic system A. Function of the system B. Parts of the system. C. How cancer affects the system II. Types of lymphoma A. Hodgkin's lymphoma B. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma III. Cause of lymphoma A. HIV B. Organ transplant IV. Treatment A. Radiation B. Chemotherapy C. Bone marrow transplant Lymphoma Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system. "Any group of cancers in which the cells of lymphoid tissues multiply unchecked." Clayman, 657. This is the system which manufactures and circulates lymph throughout the body. The purpose of the lymphatic system is to help the body fight infection. Lymph is a colorless fluid that contains white blood cells. This system also consists of the spleen, nodes and tonsils. The nodes are small organs found in the neck , under the arms, in the groin and abdomen. The nodes store infection fighting cells. Normally, cells grow, divide, and replace themselves in and orderly way. When lymphoma occurs, cells in the lymphatic system grow out of control. When this happens too much tissue is formed and a tumor is developed. The tumor is usually in the nodes found in the neck, this is one of the symptoms of lymphoma. Since lymph is circulated throughout the body, it spreads easily. "Cancerous lymphocytes can be confined to a single lymph node or can be spread throughout the body to almost any organ." Berkow, 770. There are two basic types of lymphomas, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. There is little difference between the two types of cancers. The main difference is the ages it affects. Hodgkin's usually occurs in younger people while Non-Hodgkin's usually occurs in older people. Some forms of lymphoma are curable, but other forms are not. Hodgkin's lymphoma is more curable than non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sometimes the cancer will go into remission for a few years then come back. The cure rate of some lymphomas is high, but the cure rate of others is low. For the most part the cause of lymphoma is unknown. In some cases an organ transplant may cause lymphoma because is suppresses the immune system. It is also thought that HIV may allow other viruses to cause lymphoma. "In most cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the cause is unknown. Occasionally, the disease is associated with the suppression of the immune system." Clayman, 657. There are only a few types of treatment for lymphomas. The two main types of treatment are radiation and chemotherapy. An anticancer drug is also used to help fight the cancer. When the cancer is very serious a bone marrow transplant is sometimes used. Most patients who are treated survive five years longer than people who are affected by the cancer and are not treated. To diagnose lymphoma a portion of the lymph node is removed and examined for cancerous cells. More tests are run on the tissue to determine what type of lymphoma, grade, and stage the cancer is in. After this the doctor will decide which type of treatment will be best for the patient. "The extent of the disease is assessed by a process called staging. Berkow, 773. Lymphoma can be classified into four basic stages. In the first stage there is only one cancer site. In the second stage there are two cancer sites, both are above or below the waist. In the third stage, there are cancer sites both above and below the waist. The bone marrow is not affected. In the fourth and worst stage, The cancer has spread outside of the lymphatic system. The bone marrow has also been infected. Bibliography Berkow, Robert, ed. The Merk Manual. Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merk and Co., Inc., 1997. Clayman, Charles, B., ed. Home Medical Encyclopedia. New York: Reader's Digest Association. What is Lymphoma. Macintosh. Http://www.lymphoma.org

One Body, Two Bloods Essays - Derek Walcott, Eddie The Head

One Body, Two Bloods Essays - Derek Walcott, Eddie The Head One Body, Two Bloods The writer that I chose is Derek Walcott. The reason that I chose him was because we had never read his poetry in class and we did not cover many black poets in class. After reading much of his poetry I feel that Walcott and me have not only a lot in common but at times the same feelings toward are heritage. Walcott descended from a white grandmother and a black grandmother on both the paternal and maternal sides, hes a living example of divided heritage between two worlds. For Walcott his heritage is painful, but fortunately he can elevate personal crises into art. My family tree is identical to Walcotts, so this is why I can relate to what he is saying. A Far Cry from Africa A wind is ruffling the tawny pelt Of Africa. Kikuyu, quick as flies, Corpses are scattered through a paradise. Only the worm, colonel of carrion, cries: Waste no compassion on these separate dead! Statistics justify and scholars seize The salients of colonial policy. What is that to the white child hacked in bed? To savages, expendable as Jews? Threshed out by beaters, the long rushes break In a white dust of ibises whose cries Have wheeled since civilizations dawn *From the parched river or beast teeming plain. The violence of beast on beast is read As natural law, but upright man Seeks his divinity by inflicting pain. Delirious as these worried beasts, his wars Dance to the tightened carcass of a drum, While he calls courage still that native dread Of the white peace contracted by the dead. Again brutish necessity wipes its hands Upon the napkin of a dirty cause, again A waste of our compassion, as with Spain, The gorilla wrestles with superman. Where shall I turn, divided to the vein? I who have cursed The drunken officer of British rule, how choose Between this Africa and the English tongue I love? Betray them both, or give back what they give? How can I face such slaughter and be cool? How can I turn from Africa and live? This poem shows the reader how much pain Walcott has inside its about his own experiences. He is picturing Africa as a black leopard. At the beginning, he was explaining how the Mau Mau tribe is killing white children and this bothers him significantly. He is describing how the British and the Africans are both animals because they are both killing each other. He is comparing the massacres to those of the Jews. He said that they should have ignored the battle in Spain because it was useless. He was being tempted. The gorilla that he mentions in line 25 is from Darwin and the superman represents how people can become better. Walcott is saying that he is confused because he does not know where to turn. The reason he is confused is because he has both white and black blood from his parents, so he does not know what side to choose. He describes his heritage as a curse or something that he is not happy in receiving. Hes divided between Africa and his British culture that which he grew up on. He grew up on the English language, but he loves Africa, so he does not know where to turn if the two of them are on bad terms. He can not leave his homeland, but he also can not turn his back on the land of his anscestors. The question of identity is one of the most frequently recurring themes. He defines this not only as his problem but that of all men whose heritage comes from divided blood and culture. Nights in the Garden of Port of Spain Night, the black summer, simplifies her smells into a village; she assumes the impenetrable musk of the negro, grows secret as sweat, her alleys odorous with shucked oyster shells, coals of gold oranges, braziers of melon. Commerce and tambourines increase her heat. Hellfire or the whorehouse: crossing Park Street, a surf sailors faces crests, is gone with the seas phosphorescence; the boites-de nuit tinkle like fireflies in her thick hair. Blinded by headlamps, deaf to taxi klaxons, she lifts her face from the cheap, pitch of oil flare towards white stars, like cities, flashing neon, burning to be the bitch she must become. As daylight breaks the coolie turns his tumbril of hacked, beheaded coconuts towards home. This is a

How to Pronounce Shenzhen, One of Chinas Major Cities

How to Pronounce Shenzhen, One of China's Major Cities Since Shenzhen was designated the first Special Economic Zone and an experiment in market capitalism in China in 1980, it has appeared frequently in Western news media. Today, it has a population of around 10 million people, with about twice that many in the larger metropolitan area. Considering that the city had little more than 300,000 citizens in 1980, its one of the fastest growing cities on record, even though the growth has recently slowed down considerably. The city was chosen as a Special Economic Zone because of its proximity to Hong Kong. Shenzhen is written æ · ±Ã¥Å" ³ in Chinese, which means deep and ditch (between fields). Were going to provide a quick and dirty explanation of how to pronounce the name so you have a rough idea of how to say it, followed by a more detailed description, including analysis of common errors. The Easy Way to Learn to Pronounce  Shenzhen Most Chinese cities have names with two characters (and therefore two syllables). Heres a brief description of the sounds involved:   Shen - Pronounce sh in sheep plus an as in an appleZhen - Pronounce as j in jungle plus an as in an apple If you want to have a go at the tones, they are high, flat, and falling respectively. Note:  This pronunciation is  not  correct pronunciation in Mandarin. It is our best effort to write the pronunciation using English words. To really get it right, you need to learn some new sounds (see below). Pronouncing Names in Chinese Pronouncing  names in Chinese  can be very hard if you havent studied the language; sometimes, its hard even if you have. Many letters used to write the sounds in Mandarin (called  Hanyu Pinyin) dont match the sounds they describe in English, so simply trying to read a Chinese name and guess the pronunciation will lead to many mistakes. Ignoring or mispronouncing tones will just add to the confusion. These mistakes add up and often become so serious that a native speaker would fail to understand.   How to Actually Pronounce Shenzhen If you study Mandarin, you should never ever rely on English approximations like those above. Those are meant for people who dont intend to learn the language! You have to understand the orthography (i.e., how the letters relate to the sounds). There are many  traps and pitfalls in Pinyin  you have to be familiar with. Now, lets look at the two syllables in more detail, including common learner errors: ShÄ“n (first tone): The initial is a retroflex, unaspirated, fricative. What does that mean? It means that it should feel like the tongue is slightly curled backwards as when saying right, and then pronounce a hissing sound (such as when urging someone to be quiet with Shhh!) This is close to sh in sheep, but the tongue tip is farther back. The final is reasonably easy to get right and sounds close to the short description above (an in an apple).Zhà ¨n  (fourth tone): This syllable is fairly easy to get right if you get the shen right. The only difference between the two is that zhen has a small stop in front of the hissing sound; you can think about it as a small and rather soft t. This type of sound is called an affricate, a combination between a stop and a fricative. The final part is pronounced the same as in shen. The are some variations for these sounds, but ShÄ“nzhà ¨n (æ · ±Ã¥Å" ³) can be written like this in IPA: [Ê‚É™n tÊ‚É™n] Conclusion Now you know how to pronounce ShÄ“nzhà ¨n (æ · ±Ã¥Å" ³). Did you find it hard? If you’re learning Mandarin, dont worry, there arent that many sounds. Once you learn the most common ones, learning to pronounce words (and names) will become much easier!

Unit 7 Seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 7 Seminar - Research Paper Example While validity helps in determining the types of tests to be used and ensure that researchers make use of methods that are ethical and effective, reliability plays a critical role in psychological tests. Reliability ensures that the test is valuable by maintaining consistency of the outcomes. Before locating the most suitable measurement tools, assess what the clients should know very well, can understand and are able to do. Plan the intent and scope of the assessment by considering the expected experiences after the assessment. Put into consideration how and if the assessment method will determine all the dimensions. Format the assessment instrument to make a clear meaning. When there is a change of program estimates associated with a change in items, then program drift occurs across several administrations. If program values show inconsistency than expected because of measurement errors only, then it cannot be assumed that program values are invariant in testing occasions. Therefore, this may limit the use of the item and warrant its removal from the bank of items. Presence of program drift is mostly associated with construction of irrelevant variance that affects the performance on the item. Due to this systematic performance shift for a long time, cases of program drift may have negative consequences on an assessment program and may ultimately affect inference validity generated from the test scores. This is a common challenge in research. I think both have the same weight. This is because they increase accountability in the political realm. These guidelines help in making decision on evaluation methods to use than reducing errors in

History of American Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of American Literature - Essay Example In particular, Heman Cortes wrote the first letter of the American literature in the year 1519 to the Spanish Crown, followed by many letters written for similar purposes (WSU, 2009). In late 1500s, Thomas Harriot wrote a significant piece of literature, ‘A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia’ that brought the American literature in the 16th century. In the year 1616, Captain John Smith wrote, ‘A Description of New England’, and he became the founder writer of the American literature as he later wrote some other pieces of work as well. Besides John Smith, some of the other authors of the earliest 16th century were John Cotton, Thomas Morton, and Roger Williams. It is an observation that all the works of this period related primarily to the Colonial arrangements of the British forces, as well as to the discovery of different regions of present-day USA (WSU, 2009). Besides prose, Anne Bradstreet was one of the earliest poets of the American literature that wrote ‘the Tenth Muse’ during this period. In the year 1661, John Eliot was the first person to carry out the work of Bible translation in the American literature. In 1662, ‘the Day of Doom’ became one of the best-selling poems written by Michael Wigglesworth that became the inspiration for many poets ahead. In 1666, John Eliot carried out another work, ‘the Indian Grammar’, and from then, theme of the American literature shifted from only Colonial to broad perspective, as some writers began to write on history, biography, sovereignty, God, fiction, etc. Interestingly, a number of authors in mid-1600s, as well as in late 1600s emphasized on the works regarding witchcraft, and in 1693, Cotton Mather wrote, ‘Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits’ on the similar theme (WSU, 2009). In the beginning of the 18th century, Judge Samuel Sewall began a new theme of anti-slavery that later became a revolutionary notion in the American literature, as he wrote, ‘The

Electromagnetic spectrum Essay Example for Free

Electromagnetic spectrum Essay Many of the well-known scientists explore several types of waves and gave their theories, statements, and practical applications in this field. These waves are composed in a manner so one can measure their wavelength and frequency as well. These types of wavelength are declared as â€Å"Low notes† and â€Å"High notes†. Low notes have a low frequency and a long wavelength; where as High notes have high frequency and a shorter wavelength. These electromagnetic waves are result of electrically charged particles, such waves are also declared as â€Å"Electromagnetic Radiation†, as they radiate initially from the electrically charged particles. These waves can easily pass through any empty space, air and other more substances as well. According to research it was explored by many of the scientist that these radiations has fundamentally a â€Å"Dual Personality† as it behaves as waves and stream of particles which are known as â€Å"photons â€Å"as well. In addition the photons have no group as well as they have very short wavelength too. (Alvino, G, 75) SECTIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: Fundamentally electromagnetic spectrum covers a wide range of wavelength and photon energies as well. The spectrum is usually segmented into seven sections, which are declared as X-ray, Infrared, and Ultraviolet, Microwave, Visible, Gamma ray radiation and Radio waves. INFRARED RAYS: Fundamentally this particular term† Infrared† covers a wide range of frequency. The wavelength range initiates from about 1 millimeter down to 750 nm. Those rays, which are approximately adjacent to visible spectrum, are called â€Å"Near infrared† and those who have longer wavelength section are declared as â€Å"Far infrared†. These rays are widely utilized in exploring vibration spectra of molecules. In connections with matter, infrared mainly acts to place molecules into pulsation. These rays doesn’t have good impact on atmosphere as it never penetrate atmosphere but still infrared are utilize to initially acts to set molecules into vibration. VISIBLE LIGHT:- This is fundamentally the narrow visible section of electromagnetic spectrum. This thin section keeps up a correspondence to the wavelengths closer to the maximum of the Suns radiation curve. Visible light is mainly utilized in elevating electrons to higher energy levels. In this particular case white light can be parted into its spectral colors by dispersion in a prism. ULTRAVIOLET RAYS: Ultraviolet rays are approximately below the region where visible light is explored and this was proofed by many of the well-known scientist by their statements and their theories as well. In addition these rays cause harm as it has shorter wavelength that can reach the ionization energy for many molecules, so this outcome in hazards to other ionizing radiations as well. While welding, protective eye shields must be utilized because this ultraviolet substance of welding arcs can inflame once eyes. X-RAYS: When high-energy electrons struck a metal target then these rays start penetrating, they are highly penetrating rays. According to research it was explored that just after the discovery of x-rays they are started being used in medical to image broken bones. Fundamentally when these rays have interaction with matter they ionize radiations and generate physiological possessions, which are basically never observed with any exposure of non-ionizing radiation, such as the risk of mutations or cancer in tissue. GAMMA RAYS: Gamma rays are generally utilized to denote electromagnetic radiation from the center as a part of a radioactive process. Fundamentally their nuclear energy is extremely high as such radiations are initiated in the electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus as a part or as a result of radioactive procedures. X-rays and Gamma rays are quite identical as they both are electromagnetic rays, these are simply some declaration regarding source rather than implying different kinds of radiation. (Alvino, G, 75-79) Below is the table, which will provide you better understanding and clear the entire conceptions as well. Wavelengths, frequencies, and energies for selected regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are mentioned in this, which was fundamentally result of several researches.

History of Toyota Essay -- Toyota Automobiles Transportation Essays

History of Toyota Replica of the Toyota Model AA, the first production model of Toyota in 1936 The story of Toyota Motor Corporation began in September 1933 when Toyoda Automatic Loom created a new division devoted to the production of automobiles. Quickly thereafter, the division produced its first Type A Engine in 1934, which in turn was used for the production of the first Model A1 passenger in May 1935 and the G1 truck in August 1935. Production of the model AA passenger started in 1936. Although the Toyota Group is most well known today for its cars, it is still in the textile and still makes automatic looms (fully computerized, of course). Establishment of Toyota Motor Co. and WWII 1936 ¨C1946 Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in 1937. Although the founding family name is Toyoda (ØNÃÅ'à ¯), the company name was changed to:  ¡Ã‚ ¤ Signify the separation of the founders' work life from life;  ¡Ã‚ ¤ Simplify the pronunciation, and  ¡Ã‚ ¤ Give the company an auspicious beginning. Toyota ( ¥ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿) is considered luckier than Toyoda (ØNÃÅ'à ¯) in Japan, where eight is regarded as a lucky number, and eight is the number of strokes it takes to write Toyota in Katakana. During the Pacific War the company was dedicated to truck production for the Imperial Army. Because of severe shortages in Japan, military trucks were kept as simple as possible. For example, the trucks had only one headlight on the center of the hood. Fortunately for Toyota, the war ended shortly before a scheduled allied bombing run on the Toyota factories in Aichi. Start of Commercial Production 1947- Commercial passenger production started in 1947 with the model SA. In 1950 a separate sales company Toyota Motor Sales Co. was established (which lasted until July 1982). In April 1956 the Toyopet dealer chain was established. Today Toyota is one of the top manufacturers with large market shares in both the US and Europe. It has a small division, selling under the Daihatsu brand as well as a heavy vehicle division, selling under the Hino brand. Toyota is Japan's biggest company and the second largest in the world (the larger being General Motors). The company is immensely profitable, and its massive reserves dwarf those of many countries. Toyota's vehicles are generally highly regarded for their quality, proficient engineering, and value; but their designs are ... ... engines  ¡Ã‚ ¤ List of Toyota transmissions  ¡Ã‚ ¤ EPA 2004 fuel economy report (Toyota) External links Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Category:Toyota  ¡Ã‚ ¤ Toyota Motor Corp. websites o Toyota Motor official site o Toyota USA o Scion USA (requires flash) o Lexus USA o Current Japanese Toyota lineup o Current American Toyota lineup (requires Flash) o Toyota North America 2003 Environmental Report (pdf format) o Toyota North America 2004 Environmental Report (pdf format)  ¡Ã‚ ¤ Information on Toyota's environmental protection policies Data  ¡Ã‚ ¤ Yahoo! - Toyota Motor Corporation Company Profile References  ¡Ã‚ ¤ 2005 Toyota Highlander Hybrid. Retrieved January 11, 2004 from CanadianDriver Communications, Inc. (2004) This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer) Best of the Web Some good "Toyota Motor Corporation (ADR)" pages on the web: Yahoo!finance. CNBCmoneycentral.msn.com CBS MarketWatchcbs.marketwatch.com CNN Money.cnn.com